1. Nhanganyaya

Zinc telluride (ZnTe) chinhu chakakosha cheII-VI group semiconductor chine chimiro chakananga chebandgap. Pakupisa kwemukamuri, bandgap yayo inenge 2.26eV, uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo ye optoelectronic, masero ezuva, ma radiation detectors, nedzimwe nzvimbo. Chinyorwa chino chichapa sumo yakadzama kune akasiyana maitiro e synthesis ye zinc telluride, kusanganisira solid-state reaction, vapor transport, solution-based methods, molecular beam epitaxy, nezvimwewo. Nzira yega yega ichatsanangurwa zvakakwana maererano nemisimboti yayo, maitiro, zvakanakira nezvazvakaipira, uye zvinhu zvakakosha kufunga nezvazvo.

2. Nzira yeSolid-State Reaction yeZnTe Synthesis

2.1 Nheyo

Nzira yekuita solid-state ndiyo nzira yechinyakare yekugadzira zinc telluride, apo zinc netellurium zvine purity yakakwira zvinosangana zvakananga pakupisa kwakanyanya kuti zvigadzire ZnTe:

Zn + Te → ZnTe

2.2 Maitiro Akadzama

2.2.1 Kugadzirira Zvinhu Zvisina Kugadzirwa

1. Kusarudza Zvinhu: Shandisai granules dzezinc dzakachena zvakanyanya uye mapundu etellurium ane hutsanana hwe ≥99.999% sezvinhu zvekutanga.
2. Kurapa Zvinhu Pamberi:
   • Kurapa zinc: Tanga nekunyika mu hydrochloric acid (5%) kweminiti imwe chete kuti ubvise ma oxides epamusoro, sukurudza nemvura yakabviswa ma ion, sukurudza ne anhydrous ethanol, wozoomesa muovheni ine vacuum pa 60°C kwemaawa maviri.
   • Kurapa kweTellurium: Chekutanga nyikira mu aqua regia (HNO₃:HCl=1:3) kwemasekonzi makumi matatu kuti ubvise ma oxides ari pamusoro, sukurudza nemvura yakabviswa ion kusvika yanyatsonaka, sukurudza ne anhydrous ethanol, wozoomesa mu vacuum oven pa 80°C kwemaawa matatu.
3. Kuyera: Yera zvinhu zvakagadziriswa muchiyero chestoichiometric (Zn:Te=1:1). Tichifunga nezvekugona kuitika kwe zinc volatilization pakupisa kwakanyanya, 2-3% yakawandisa inogona kuwedzerwa.

2.2.2 Kusanganisa Zvinhu

1. Kukuya uye Kusanganisa: Isa zinc netellurium zvakayerwa mu agate mortar wozvikuya kwemaminitsi makumi matatu mubhokisi remagirovhosi rakazara ne argon kusvika zvanyatsosanganiswa.
2. Kuisa pelletizing: Isa upfu hwakasanganiswa muforoma wodzvanya kuita mapellet ane dhayamita ye10-20mm pasi pekumanikidzwa kwe10-15MPa.

2.2.3 Kugadzirira Mudziyo weKupindura

1. Kurapa Machubhu eQuartz: Sarudza machubhu equartz akachena kwazvo (dhayamita yemukati 20-30mm, ukobvu hwemadziro 2-3mm), tanga wanyika muaqua regia kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana, sukurudza zvakanaka nemvura yakabviswa ion, woomesa muovheni pa120°C.
2. Kubuda: Isa mapellets emhando yepamusoro muchubhu yequartz, batanidza kune vacuum system, wobva wabuda kuenda ku ≤10⁻³Pa.
3. Kuvhara: Vhara chubhu yequartz uchishandisa murazvo wehydrogen-oxygen, zvichiita kuti chivharo chive chakareba ≥50mm kuti chisapinde mhepo.

2.2.4 Maitiro Ekupisa Kwakanyanya

1. Danho Rokutanga Rekudziisa: Isa chubhu yequartz yakavharwa muchoto chechubhu woipisa kusvika 400°C padanho re2-3°C/min, uchiichengeta kwemaawa gumi nemaviri kuti ibvumire kutanga kwekuita pakati pezinc netellurium.
2. Danho Rechipiri Rekudziisa: Ramba uchidziisa kusvika 950-1050°C (pasi penzvimbo yekunyorovesa yequartz ye1100°C) pa1-2°C/min, uchibata kwemaawa 24-48.
3. Kutenderedza Tube: Munguva yekupisa kwakanyanya, tenderedza vira pa45° maawa maviri ega ega wotenderedza kakawanda kuti uve nechokwadi chekusanganisa zvakakwana reactants.
4. Kutonhodza: ​​Mushure mekupedza kuita response, tonhodza zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika patembiricha yemukamuri pa 0.5-1°C/min kudzivirira kutsemuka kwesampuro nekuda kwekumanikidzwa nekupisa.

2.2.5 Kugadziriswa Kwechigadzirwa

1. Kubviswa Kwechigadzirwa: Vhura chubhu yequartz mubhokisi regirovhosi wobvisa chigadzirwa che reaction.
2. Kukuya: Gaya chigadzirwa chacho kuita upfu kuti ubvise chero chinhu chisina kukanganiswa.
3. Kunyungudutsa: Nyora upfu pa600°C pasi pemhepo ye argon kwemaawa masere kuti uderedze kushushikana kwemukati uye kuvandudza kristallinity.
4. Kugadzirisa hunhu: Ita XRD, SEM, EDS, nezvimwewo, kusimbisa kuchena kwechikamu uye kuumbwa kwemakemikari.

2.3 Kugadzirisa Maitiro Ekugadzirisa

1. Kudzora Tembiricha: Tembiricha yakanaka yekuita ndeye 1000±20°C. Tembiricha yakaderera inogona kukonzera kusaita zvakanaka, nepo tembiricha yakakwira ichigona kukonzera kuputika kwe zinc.
2. Kudzora Nguva: Nguva yekubata inofanira kunge iri maawa anopfuura makumi maviri nemana kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti munhu apindura zvakakwana.
3. Mwero wekutonhodza: ​​Kutonhodza zvishoma nezvishoma (0.5-1°C/min) kunoburitsa zvidimbu zvakakura zvekristaro.

2.4 Kuongororwa Kwezvakanakira Nezvakaipa

Zvakanakira:

• Maitiro ari nyore, zvinodiwa zvishoma zvemidziyo
• Yakakodzera kugadzirwa kweboka
• Kuchena kwechigadzirwa kwakanyanya

Zvakashata:

• Kupisa kwakanyanya kwekuita, kushandiswa kwesimba rakawanda
• Kugoverwa kwezviyo zvisina kufanana
• Inogona kunge iine zvinhu zvidiki zvisina kugadziriswa

3. Nzira yekufambisa utsi hweZnTe Synthesis

3.1 Nheyo

Nzira yekufambisa utsi inoshandisa gasi rinotakura zvinhu kutakura utsi hunokonzera kupisa kuenda kunzvimbo ine tembiricha yakaderera kuti huendeswe, zvichiita kuti ZnTe ikure zvakananga nekudzora tembiricha. Iodine inowanzoshandiswa senzira yekufambisa:

ZnTe(s) + I₂(g) ⇌ ZnI₂(g) + 1/2Te₂(g)

3.2 Maitiro Akadzama

3.2.1 Kugadzirira Zvinhu Zvisina Kugadzirwa

1. Kusarudza Zvinhu: Shandisa upfu hweZnTe hwakachena zvakanyanya (huchena ≥99.999%) kana hupfu hweZn neTe hwakasanganiswa zvakasanganiswa.
2. Kugadzirwa kweChinhu Chinofambisa: Makristaro eayodini akachena kwazvo (akachena ≥99.99%), chiyero che5-10mg/cm³ reaction tube volume.
3. Kurapa Quartz Tube: Zvakafanana nenzira yekuita solid-state reaction, asi machubhu e quartz akareba (300-400mm) anodiwa.

3.2.2 Kurodha Tube

1. Kuiswa kwezvinhu: Isa upfu hweZnTe kana musanganiswa weZn+Te kune rimwe divi rechubhu yequartz.
2. Kuwedzera Iodine: Wedzera makristaro eodhini muchubhu yequartz mubhokisi remagirovhosi.
3. Kubuda: Kubuda kusvika ≤10⁻³Pa.
4. Kuvhara: Vhara nemurazvo wehydrogen-oxygen, uchichengetedza chubhu yakatwasuka.

3.2.3 Kugadzika kweGradient yeTembiricha

1. Tembiricha yenzvimbo inopisa: Isa pa850-900°C.
2. Tembiricha yenzvimbo inotonhora: Isa pa750-800°C.
3. Kureba kweGradient Zone: Inenge 100-150mm.

3.2.4 Maitiro Ekukura

1. Danho Rokutanga: Pisa kusvika 500°C pa3°C/min, mira kwemaawa maviri kuti ivhu ritange kushanda pakati peayodini nezvinhu zvakabikwa.
2. Danho rechipiri: Ramba uchidziisa kusvika patembiricha yakatarwa, chengetedza tembiricha iri pakati nepakati, uye ikure kwemazuva manomwe kusvika gumi nemana.
3. Kutonhodza: ​​Mushure mekunge yapera kukura, tonhodza kusvika patembiricha yemukamuri pa1°C/min.

3.2.5 Kuunganidzwa Kwezvigadzirwa

1. Kuvhura Tube: Vhura tube yequartz mubhokisi remagirovhosi.
2. Kuunganidza: Unganidza makristaro eZnTe rimwe chete pamucheto unotonhora.
3. Kuchenesa: Chenesa ne ultrasonic ne anhydrous ethanol kwemaminitsi mashanu kuti ubvise iodine yakanyungudutswa pamusoro.

3.3 Pfungwa Dzekudzora Maitiro

1. Kudzora Huwandu hweIodine: Kuwanda kweIodine kunokanganisa mwero wekufambisa; huwandu hwakakodzera i5-8mg/cm³.
2. Kupisa: Chengetedza kupenya mukati me50-100°C.
3. Nguva Yokukura: Kazhinji mazuva manomwe kusvika gumi nemana, zvichienderana nehukuru hwekristaro hwaunoda.

3.4 Kuongororwa Kwezvakanakira Nezvakaipa

Zvakanakira:

• Makristaro emhando yepamusoro anogona kuwanikwa
• Saizi dzekristaro dzakakura
• Kuchena kwakanyanya

Zvakashata:

• Kureba kwenguva refu kwekukura
• Zvinodiwa zvemidziyo yepamusoro
• Goho diki

4. Nzira Yakavakirwa Pamhinduro Yekugadzira ZnTe Nanomaterial

4.1 Nheyo

Nzira dzinoshandisa mhinduro dzinodzora maitiro ekutanga mumhinduro yekugadzira ZnTe nanoparticles kana nanowaya. Maitiro akajairika ndeaya:

Zn²⁺ + HTe⁻ + OH⁻ → ZnTe + H₂O

4.2 Maitiro Akadzama

4.2.1 Kugadzirira Reagent

1. Chitubu cheZinc: Zinc acetate (Zn(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O), kuchena ≥99.99%.
2. Tellurium Source: Tellurium dioxide (TeO₂), kuchena ≥99.99%.
3. Mushonga wekuderedza: Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), kuchena ≥98%.
4. Zvinonyungudutsa: Mvura isina ion, ethylenediamine, ethanol.
5. Chinhu chinonyungudutsa: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB).

4.2.2 Kugadzirira Tellurium Precursor

1. Kugadzirira Mhinduro: Nyungudutsa 0.1mmol TeO₂ mumvura yakabviswa ion 20ml.
2. Kuderedza Kushandiswa: Wedzera 0.5mmol NaBH₄, kurunga uchishandisa magineti kwemaminitsi makumi matatu kuti ugadzire mhinduro yeHTe⁻.
   TeO₂ + 3BH₄⁻ + 3H₂O → HTe⁻ + 3B(OH)₃ + 3H₂↑
3. Mhepo Inodzivirira: Chengetedza nitrogen ichiyerera mukati mese kudzivirira oxidation.

4.2.3 Kugadzirwa kweZnTe Nanoparticle

1. Kugadzirira Zinc Solution: Nyungudutsa 0.1mmol zinc acetate mu30ml ethylenediamine.
2. Kusanganisa Mhinduro: Wedzera zvishoma nezvishoma mhinduro yeHTe⁻ mumushonga wezinc, pindura pa80°C kwemaawa matanhatu.
3. Kupinza zvinhu mu centrifugation: Mushure mekupindura, pinza zvinhu mu centrifuge pa 10,000rpm kwemaminitsi gumi kuti utore chigadzirwa.
4. Kusuka: Kusuka ne ethanol nemvura yakabviswa ion katatu.
5. Kuomesa: Omesa ne vacuum cleaner pa 60°C kwemaawa matanhatu.

4.2.4 Kugadzirwa kweZnTe Nanowire

1. Kuwedzerwa kweTemplate: Wedzera 0.2g CTAB mumushonga we zinc.
2. Kushandiswa kweHydrothermal: Isa mushonga wakasanganiswa muTeflon-lined autoclave ye50ml, wobva waisa pa180°C kwemaawa gumi nemaviri.
3. Kugadziriswa Mushure Mekugadzira: Zvakafanana nezvakaita kune nanoparticles.

4.3 Kugadzirisa Maitiro Ekugadzirisa

1. Kudzora Tembiricha: 80-90°C ye nanoparticles, 180-200°C ye nanowayas.
2. pH Kukosha: Chengetedza pakati pe9-11.
3. Nguva yeKupindura: maawa 4-6 ezvimedu zvidiki, maawa 12-24 ezvimedu zvidiki.

4.4 Kuongororwa kweZvakanakira neZvakaipa

Zvakanakira:

• Kuita kwekupisa kwakaderera, kuchengetedza simba
• Maumbirwo nehukuru zvinodzoreka
• Yakakodzera kugadzirwa kukuru

Zvakashata:

• Zvigadzirwa zvinogona kunge zvine tsvina
• Zvinoda kugadziriswa mushure mekugadziriswa
• Hunhu hwekristaro hwakaderera

5. Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) yeZnTe Thin Film Preparation

5.1 Nheyo

MBE inokura mafirimu matete eZnTe single-crystal nekutungamira mamorekuru eZn neTe pasubstrate pasi pemamiriro evacuum akanyanya, ichinyatsodzora mwero we beam flux uye tembiricha yesubstrate.

5.2 Maitiro Akadzama

5.2.1 Kugadzirira Sisitimu

1. Sisitimu yeVacuum: Base vacuum cleaner ≤1×10⁻⁸Pa.
2. Kugadzirira Kunobva:
   • Zinc inobva: 6N high-purity zinc muBN crucible.
   • Tellurium source: 6N high-purity tellurium iri muPBN crucible.
3. Kugadzirira Substrate:
   • GaAs(100) substrate inowanzoshandiswa.
   • Kuchenesa substrate: Kuchenesa organic solvent → acid etching → kusukurudza nemvura yakabviswa ioni → kuomesa nitrogen.

5.2.2 Maitiro Ekukura

1. Kubvisa gasi remubiki: Bika pa200°C kweawa imwe chete kuti ubvise zvinosvibisa pamusoro.
2. Kubvisa Okisidhe: Pisa kusvika 580°C, mira kwemaminitsi gumi kuti ubvise okisidhe pamusoro.
3. Kukura kweBuffer Layer: Kutonhora kusvika 300°C, kukura 10nm ZnTe buffer layer.
4. Kukura Kukuru:
   • Tembiricha yemudenga: 280-320°C.
   • Dhigirii rezinki rakaenzana: 1×10⁻⁶Torr.
   • Kumanikidzwa kwakaenzana kwedanda reTellurium: 2×10⁻⁶Torr.
   • Chiyero cheV/III chinodzorwa pa1.5-2.0.
   • Mwero wekukura: 0.5-1μm/h.
5. Kunyungudutsa: Mushure mekukura, nyungudutsa pa 250°C kwemaminitsi makumi matatu.

5.2.3 Kutarisa Munzvimbo

1. Kutarisa kweRHEED: Kutarisa kwekugadzirisa pamusoro pechinhu panguva chaiyo uye kukura kwechinhu.
2. Mass Spectrometry: Tarisa simba remamorekuru.
3. Thermometer yeInfrared: Kudzora tembiricha yesubstrate nemazvo.

5.3 Mapoinzi Ekudzora Maitiro

1. Kudzora Tembiricha: Tembiricha yemudenga inokanganisa kunaka kwekristaro uye chimiro chepamusoro.
2. Beam Flux Ratio: Chiyero cheTe/Zn chinokanganisa mhando dzezvikanganiso uye kuwanda kwazvo.
3. Kukura Kwemhando: Kuderera kwemhando yekristaro kunovandudza kunaka kwekristaro.

5.4 Kuongororwa Kwezvakanakira Nezvakaipa

Zvakanakira:

• Kurongeka kwakarurama uye kutonga kwedoping.
• Mafirimu emhando yepamusoro emhando ye "single-crystal".
• Nzvimbo dzakati sandara dzeatomu dzinogoneka.

Zvakashata:

• Midziyo inodhura.
• Kukura kunonoka.
• Zvinoda hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwekushanda.

6. Dzimwe Nzira Dzekugadzira

6.1 Kubviswa kweUtsi hweMakemikari (CVD)

1. Zvinotangira: Diethylzinc (DEZn) uye diisopropyltelluride (DIPTe).
2. Kupisa kwekuita: 400-500°C.
3. Gasi Rinotakura: Nitrogen kana hydrogen yakachena kwazvo.
4. Kumanikidzwa: Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kana kuderedzwa (10-100Torr).

6.2 Kubuda Kwemvura Mumhepo

1. Zvinhu Zvinobva: Upfu hweZnTe hwakachena zvakanyanya.
2. Chikamu cheVacuum: ≤1×10⁻⁴Pa.
3. Kupisa kwemvura: 1000-1100°C.
4. Tembiricha yemudenga: 200-300°C.

7. Mhedziso

Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dziripo dzekugadzira zinc telluride, imwe neimwe ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira. Solid-state reaction yakakodzera kugadzirira zvinhu zvakawanda, kutakurwa kwemhepo kunoburitsa makristaro emhando yepamusoro, nzira dzekugadzirisa dzakanakira nanomaterials, uye MBE inoshandiswa kumafirimu matete emhando yepamusoro. Mashandisirwo anoshanda anofanirwa kusarudza nzira yakakodzera zvichienderana nezvinodiwa, nekudzora zvakanyanya ma process parameters kuti uwane ZnTe zvinhu zvinoshanda zvakanyanya. Nzira dzemangwana dzinosanganisira synthesis yekupisa kwakaderera, kudzora morphology, uye kugadzirisa doping process.