1. Nhanganyaya

Antimony, sesimbi inokosha isina ferrous, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvinodzivirira moto, alloys, semiconductors nedzimwe nzvimbo. Zvisinei, maore eantimony muzvisikwa anowanzo shanda pamwe chete nearsenic, zvichikonzera huwandu hwakawanda hwearsenic muantimony isina crude iyo inokanganisa zvakanyanya mashandiro uye mashandisirwo ezvigadzirwa zveantimony. Chinyorwa chino chinopa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekubvisa arsenic mukuchenesa antimony isina crude, kusanganisira pyrometallurgical refining, hydrometallurgical refining, uye electrolytic refining, ichitsanangura misimboti yadzo, mafambiro emaitiro, mamiriro ekushanda, uye zvakanakira/zvakaipa.

2. Kuchenesa kwePyrometallurgical kwekubvisa Arsenic

2.1 Nzira Yekuchenesa Alkaline

2.1.1 Nheyo

Nzira yekuchenesa alkaline inobvisa arsenic zvichibva pakuita pakati pearsenic nealkali metal compounds kuti igadzire arsenate. Main reaction equations:
2As + 3Na₂CO₃ → 2Na₃AsO₃ + 3CO↑
4As + 5O₂ + 6Na₂CO₃ → 4Na₃AsO₄ + 6CO₂↑

2.1.2 Kufamba Kwemaitiro

1. Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa: Pwanya antimony isina kugadzirwa kuita zvidimbu zve 5-10mm wosanganisa ne soda ash (Na₂CO₃) pahuwandu hwe 10:1
2. Kunyungudutsa: Pisa muchoto chinotenderera kusvika 850-950°C, chengeta kwemaawa 2-3
3. Kuoxidation: Kuunza mhepo yakamanikidzwa (pressure 0.2-0.3MPa), mwero wekuyerera kwemvura 2-3m³/(h·t)
4. Kuumbwa kwetsvina: Wedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hwe saltpeter (NaNO₃) se oxidant, chiyero che 3-5% yehuremu hwe antimony
5. Kubvisa tsvina: Mushure mekudzika kwemaminetsi makumi matatu, bvisa tsvina pamusoro
6. Kudzokorora mashandiro: Dzokorora maitiro ari pamusoro apa kaviri kana katatu

2.1.3 Kudzora Maparamita Emaitiro

• Kudzora tembiricha: Tembiricha yakakwana 900±20°C
• Chiyero chealkali: Chinja zvichienderana nehuwandu hwearsenic, kazhinji 8-12% yehuremu hweantimony
• Nguva yekuoxidation: maawa 1-1.5 padanho rega rega rekuoxidation

2.1.4 Kushanda Nesimba Mukubvisa Arsenic

Inogona kuderedza huwandu hwearsenic kubva pa2-5% kusvika pa0.1-0.3%.

2.2 Nzira yeOxidative Volatilization

2.2.1 Nheyo

Inoshandisa hunhu hwekuti arsenic oxide (As₂O₃) inoshanduka-shanduka kupfuura antimony oxide. As₂O₃ inoshanduka-shanduka pa193°C chete, nepo Sb₂O₃ ichida 656°C.

2.2.2 Kufamba Kwemaitiro

1. Kunyungudutsa kweokisijeni: Pisa muchoto chinotenderera kusvika 600-650°C nemhepo inounzwa
2. Kurapa gasi reflue: Dururira mvura mumhepo woidzosa As₂O₃ yakakanganisika
3. Kuderedza kunyungudutsa: Deredza zvinhu zvasara pa1200°C uchishandisa coke
4. Kuchenesa: Wedzera dota shoma resoda kuti uwedzere kunatswa

2.2.3 MaParamende Akakosha

• Kuwanda kweokisijeni: 21-28%
• Nguva yekugara: maawa 4-6
• Kumhanya kwekutenderera kwechoto: 0.5-1r/min

3. Kuchenesa kweHydrometallurgical kwekubvisa Arsenic

3.1 Nzira yekubvisa Alkali Sulfide

3.1.1 Nheyo

Inoshandisa hunhu hwekuti arsenic sulfide ine kunyungudika kwakanyanya mumhinduro dzealkali sulfide kupfuura antimony sulfide.
As₂S₃ + ​​3Na₂S → 2Na₃AsS₃
Sb₂S₃ + ​​Na₂S → Hainyungudike

3.1.2 Kufamba Kwemaitiro

1. Kunyungudutsa: Sanganisa upfu hweantimony husina kuchena nesarufa pachiyero che1:0.3 mass, woisa sulfidi pa500°C kweawa imwe chete.
2. Kubvisa mvura: Shandisa 2mol/L Na₂S solution, liquid-solid ratio 5:1, kurunga pa80°C kwemaawa maviri.
3. Kusefa: Sefa ne filter press, residue ine low-arsenic antimony concentrate
4. Kuzvarwa patsva: Isa H₂S mu filtrate kuti igadzirezve Na₂S

3.1.3 Mamiriro Ekuita

• Na₂S concentration: 1.5-2.5mol/L
• Kuburitsa pH: 12-13
• Kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa tsvina: As> 90%, Sb kurasikirwa <5%

3.2 Nzira yekubvisa asidhi mu oxidative

3.2.1 Nheyo

Inoshandisa arsenic's oxidation iri nyore mumamiriro ezvinhu ane acidic, ichishandisa ma oxidants akadai seFeCl₃ kana H₂O₂ pakunyungudika kwega kwega.

3.2.2 Kufamba Kwemaitiro

1. Kubvisa mvura: Mu 1.5mol/L HCl solution, wedzera 0.5mol/L FeCl₃, liquid-solid ratio 8:1
2. Kudzora kugona kwe oxidation: Chengetedza kugona kwe oxidation pa 400-450mV (zvichienderana neSHE)
3. Kupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasimba: Kusefa kwevacuum, tumira filtrate ku arsenic recovery
4. Kusuka: Geza zvakasara zvefirita katatu ne hydrochloric acid yakasanganiswa

4. Nzira Yekuchenesa Electrolytic

4.1 Nheyo

Inoshandisa musiyano uripo pakati pe antimony (+0.212V) ne arsenic (+0.234V).

4.2 Kufamba Kwemaitiro

1. Kugadzirira anode: Kanda antimony isina kucheneswa mumaplate eanode e400×600×20mm
2. Muumbirwo weElectrolyte: Sb³⁺ 80g/L, HCl 120g/L, chinowedzera (gelatin) 0.5g/L
3. Mamiriro eElectrolysis:
   • Kuwanda kwezvino: 120-150A/m²
   • Mhepo yemagetsi yesero: 0.4-0.6V
   • Tembiricha: 30-35°C
   • Kureba kwemaerekitirodhi: 100mm
4. Kutenderera: Bvisa kubva musero mazuva ese manomwe kusvika gumi

4.3 Zviratidzo zveUnyanzvi

• Kuchena kwe antimoni yeCathode: ≥99.85%
• Chiyero chekubvisa arsenic: >95%
• Kushanda zvakanaka pari zvino: 85-90%

5. Matekinoroji Ekubvisa Arsenic Ari Kubudirira

5.1 Kunyungudutsa muchina wevacuum

Pasi pe 0.1-10Pa vacuum, inoshandisa musiyano wekumanikidzwa kwemhepo (Se: 133Pa pa 550°C, Sb inoda 1000°C).

5.2 Kuomeswa kwePlasma

Inoshandisa plasma ine tembiricha yakaderera (5000-10000K) pakusarudza arsenic oxidation, nguva pfupi yekugadzirisa (10-30min), uye kushandiswa kwesimba shoma.

6. Kuenzanisa Maitiro uye Mazano Ekusarudza

Mazano ekusarudza:

• Chikafu chine arsenic yakawanda (Se>3%): Chinoda alkali sulfide leaching
• Arsenic iri pakati nepakati (0.5-3%): Kuchenesa alkaline kana electrolysis
• Zvinodiwa zvekuchenesa kwakanyanya kwearsenic: Kuchenesa kwemagetsi kunokurudzirwa

7. Mhedziso

Kubviswa kweArsenic kubva muantimony isina kucheneswa kunoda kutariswa kwakazara kwehunhu hwezvinhu zvakachekwa, zvinodiwa nezvigadzirwa, uye hupfumi. Nzira dzechinyakare dzepyrometallurgical dzine simba guru asi dzakaomarara; nzira dzehydrometallurgical dzine kusvibiswa kushoma asi dzinotora nguva yakareba; nzira dzemagetsi dzinoburitsa kuchena kwakanyanya asi dzinoshandisa simba rakawanda. Nzira dzekuvandudza mune ramangwana dzinosanganisira:

1. Kugadzira zvinosanganisa zvinobudirira
2. Kugadzirisa maitiro akabatanidzwa ematanho akawanda
3. Kuvandudza kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvearsenic
4. Kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba uye kusvibiswa kwemhepo