Selenium, sezvinhu zvakakosha zve semiconductor uye zvinhu zvemaindasitiri, ine mashandiro ayo anokanganiswa zvakananga nekuchena kwayo. Munguva yekucheneswa kwe vacuum distillation, kusvibiswa kweokisijeni chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinokanganisa kuchena kwe selenium. Chinyorwa chino chinopa hurukuro yakadzama yenzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye matekiniki ekuderedza huwandu hweokisijeni panguva yekucheneswa kwe selenium kuburikidza nekudiridza vacuum.

I. Kuderedza Oxygen Mukati meChikamu Chekutanga Chekurapwa Kwezvinhu Zvisina Kugadzirwa

1. Kucheneswa Kwepakutanga Kwezvinhu Zvisina Kugadzirwa

Selenium isina kubikwa inowanzova netsvina dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira ma oxide. Nzira dzekuchenesa makemikari dzinofanira kushandiswa usati wapinda mu vacuum distillation system kubvisa ma oxide ari pamusoro. Nzira dzekuchenesa dzinowanzo shandiswa dzinosanganisira:

• Sanganisa hydrochloric acid solution (5-10% concentration): Inonyungudutsa ma oxides akadai seSeO₂ zvinobudirira
• Ethanol kana acetone: Inoshandiswa kubvisa tsvina yeorganic
• Mvura yakasvibiswa: Kushambidza kakawanda kubvisa asidi yakasara

Mushure mekuchenesa, kuomesa kunofanira kuitwa pasi pemhepo isina gasi (semuenzaniso, Ar kana N₂) kudzivirira kudzoreredzwa kweokisijeni.

2. Kurapa Zvishandiso Zvisati Zvaderedzwa

Kuderedza kurapwa kwezvinhu zvakabikwa usati waisa vacuum distillation kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya huwandu hweokisijeni:

• Kuderedzwa kwehydrogen: Kuisa hydrogen ine kuchena kwakanyanya (kuchena ≥99.999%) pa200-300°C kuderedza SeO₂ kuita selenium yechikamu chemuviri
• Kuderedza mafuta anodziya: Sanganisa selenium raw material ne high-pure carbon powder wobva wapisa kusvika 400-500°C pasi pe vacuum kana kuti inert atmosphere, zvichikonzera reaction C + SeO₂ → Se + CO₂
• Kuderedzwa kwesulfide: Magasi akadai seH₂S anogona kuderedza selenium oxides patembiricha yakaderera

II. Kugadzira uye Kugadzirisa Mashandiro eSisitimu yeVacuum Distillation

1. Kusarudzwa uye Kugadziriswa kweSisitimu yeVacuum

Nzvimbo ine vacuum yakawanda inokosha pakuderedza oxygen:

• Shandisa pombi yekupararira pamwe chete nepombi yemakanika, ine vacuum yakakwana inosvika 10⁻⁴ Pa
• Sisitimu iyi inofanira kunge iine chinhu chinotonhorera kudzivirira kupararira kwemhepo inopfungaira yemafuta kumashure.
• Zvese zvinobatanidzwa zvinofanirwa kushandisa zvisimbiso zvesimbi kudzivirira kubuda kwemhepo kubva muzvisimbiso zverabha
• Sisitimu iyi inofanira kubviswa gasi zvakakwana muchoto (200-250°C, maawa 12-24)

2. Kudzora Kwakarurama Kwekupisa Kwekunhuhwirira uye Kumanikidzwa

Kusanganiswa kweparamende yemaitiro akakodzera:

• Kupisa kwe distillation: Kunodzorwa mukati me 220-280°C (pasi pe selenium's boiling point ye 685°C)
• Kumanikidzwa kwesystem: Kuchengetedzwa pakati pe1-10 Pa
• Kupisa: 5-10°C/min kudzivirira kupwa kwemvura nesimba uye kupinda muchikoro
• Tembiricha yenzvimbo yekudziya: Inochengetwa pa50-80°C kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti selenium inodziya zvakakwana

3. Tekinoroji yeKunyungudutsa muMatanho Akasiyana-siyana

Kunyungudutsa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana kunogona kuderedza huwandu hweokisijeni zvishoma nezvishoma:

• Danho rekutanga: Kudiridza zvisina kunaka kubvisa tsvina yakawanda inoputika
• Danho rechipiri: Kudzora tembiricha nemazvo kuti uunganidze chikamu chikuru
• Danho rechitatu: Kunyungudutsa zvishoma nezvishoma uye kupisa zvishoma nezvishoma kuti chigadzirwa chive chakachena kwazvo
  Kupisa kwakasiyana-siyana kwekudziya kwemvura kunogona kushandiswa pakati pezvikamu zvekudziya kwemvura kwechikamu

III. Matanho Ekubatsira

1. Tekinoroji yekudzivirira gasi isina simba

Kunyangwe ichishanda pasi pevacuum, kuiswa kwakakodzera kwegasi risina kuchena kwakanyanya kunobatsira kuderedza huwandu hweokisijeni:

• Mushure mekubuda musystem, zadza ne-argon ine hutsanana hwakanyanya (hutsanana ≥99.9995%) kusvika 1000 Pa
• Shandisa dziviriro inochinja-chinja yemhepo, uchiramba uchiisa argon shoma (10-20 sccm)
• Isai magasi anochenesa gasi anoshanda zvakanyanya panzvimbo dzinopinda gasi kuti mubvise okisijeni yasara nehunyoro

2. Kuwedzerwa kweOxygen Scavengers

Kuwedzera zvinhu zvakakodzera zvekutora okisijeni muzvinhu zvakabikwa kunogona kuderedza huwandu hweokisijeni zvinobudirira:

• Magnesium metal: Kubatana kwakasimba kweokisijeni, zvichigadzira MgO
• Upfu hwearuminiyamu: Hunogona kubvisa okisijeni nesarufa panguva imwe chete
• Simbi dzisingawanzoonekwi: Dzakadai seY, La, nezvimwewo, dzine mhedzisiro yakanaka yekubvisa okisijeni
  Huwandu hwemuchina wekubvisa okisijeni hunowanzova 0.1-0.5 wt% yezvinhu zvakabikwa; huwandu hwakawandisa hunogona kukanganisa kuchena kweselenium

3. Tekinoroji Yekusefa Yakanyungudutswa

Kusefa selenium yakanyungudutswa usati wainyungudutsa:

• Shandisa mafirita equartz kana eceramic ane saizi dzemaburi e1-5 μm
• Tembiricha yekusefa inodzorwa pa 220-250°C
• Inogona kubvisa zvimedu zve solid oxide
• Mafirita anofanira kubviswa gasi kare pasi pevacuum yakawanda

IV. Kuchengetwa uye Kurapwa Mushure meKurapwa

1. Kuunganidzwa uye Kutarisirwa kweZvigadzirwa

• Muunganidzi wekondensa unofanirwa kugadzirwa sechivakwa chinobviswa kuti zvive nyore kutora zvinhu munzvimbo isina chinhu.
• Zvimedu zve selenium zvakaunganidzwa zvinofanira kurongedzwa mubhokisi remagirovhosi e argon
• Kucheka pamusoro pevhu kunogona kuitwa kana zvichidikanwa kubvisa zvidimbu zve oxide zvinogona kuitika

2. Kudzora Mamiriro Ekuchengetedza

• Nzvimbo yekuchengetera zvinhu inofanira kuchengetwa yakaoma (nzvimbo ine dova ≤-60°C)
• Shandisa paki yakavharwa ine mativi maviri yakazadzwa negasi risina kuchena zvakanyanya
• Tembiricha yekuchengetera inokurudzirwa iri pasi pe20°C
• Dzivisa kuratidzwa nechiedza kudzivirira kuitika kwe photocatalytic oxidation

V. Kudzora Hunhu uye Kuedzwa

1. Tekinoroji yekutarisa paindaneti

• Isa ma residual gas analyzers (RGA) kuti utarise kumanikidzwa kweoxygen panguva chaiyo
• Shandisa masensa eokisijeni kudzora huwandu hweokisijeni mumagasi anodzivirira
• Shandisa infrared spectroscopy kuti uone hunhu hwepamusoro hwekunyudzwa kwezvisungo zveSe-O

2. Kuongororwa Kwechigadzirwa Chapera

• Shandisa nzira yekunyudza inert gas fusion-infrared kuti uone huwandu hweokisijeni
• Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) yekuongorora kugoverwa kweokisijeni
• X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) yekuona mamiriro emakemikari ari pamusoro

Kuburikidza nematanho akatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, huwandu hweokisijeni hunogona kudzorwa pasi pe1 ppm panguva yekucheneswa kweselenium ne vacuum distillation, zvichizadzisa zvinodiwa zvekushandisa selenium yakachena kwazvo. Mukugadzirwa chaiko, ma process parameters anofanirwa kugadziriswa zvichienderana nemamiriro emidziyo nezvinodiwa zvechigadzirwa, uye system yakasimba yekudzora mhando inofanira kuiswa.