Cadmium maitiro matanho uye paramita

I. Raw Material Pretreatment uye Primary Kucheneswa

1. ,Yakakwirira-Kuchena Cadmium Feedstock Kugadzirira,

• ,Acid WashingNyura maindasitiri-giredhi cadmium ingots mu5% -10% nitric acid solution pa40-60°C kwemaawa 1-2 kubvisa maokisidhi epamusoro uye tsvina yesimbi. Sukurudza nemvura yakasvibiswa kusvikira kusarerekera pH uye vacuum yakaoma.
• ,Hydrometallurgical Leaching: Bata tsvina ine cadmium (semuenzaniso, copper-cadmium slag) nesulfuric acid (15-20% concentration) pa80-90°C kwemaawa 4-6, uchiwana ≥95% cadmium leaching kunyatsoshanda. Sefa uye wedzera zinc poda (1.2-1.5 times stoichiometric ratio) kuti uendeswe kuti uwane chipanje cadmium

1. ,Kunyunguduka uye Kukanda,

• Rongedza chipanji cadmium mu-high-purity graphite crucibles, nyunguduka pasi peargon atmosphere pa 320-350°C, wodira muzviumbwa zvegraphite kuti zvitonhodze kutonhora. Gadzirai ingots ine density ≥8.65 g/cm³

II. Zone Refining

1. ,Equipment uye Parameters,

• Shandisa horizontal floating zoni yekunyungudutsa ine yakanyungudutswa zoni yakafara 5-8 mm, sipidhi yekuyambuka ye3-5 mm/h, uye 8-12 yekunatsa inopfuura. Temperature gradient: 50-80 ° C / cm; vacuum ≤10⁻³ Pa
• ,Kusachena Kusachena: Inodzokororwa nzvimbo inopfuura concentrate lead, zinc, uye kumwe kusvibiswa pamuswe weingot. Bvisa chikamu chekupedzisira 15-20% tsvina-yakapfuma chikamu, kuwana kuchena kwepakati ≥99.999%

1. ,Key Controls,

• Tembiricha yenzvimbo yakanyungudutswa: 400-450 ° C (zvishoma pamusoro peiyo cadmium yekunyungudika kwe321 ° C);
• Chiyero chekutonhora: 0.5-1.5 ° C / min kuti uderedze kukanganisa kwelatisi;
• Kuyerera kweArgon: 10-15 L / min kudzivirira oxidation

III. Electrolytic Refining

1. ,Electrolyte Formulation,

• Electrolyte kuumbwa: Cadmium sulfate (CdSO₄, 80-120 g/L) uye sulfuric acid (pH 2-3), ine 0.01-0.05 g/L gelatin yakawedzerwa kuwedzera cathode deposit density.

1. ,Process Parameters,

• Anode: Crude cadmium ndiro; Cathode: Titanium ndiro;
• Yazvino density: 80-120 A/m²; Sero voltage: 2.0-2.5 V;
• Electrolysis tembiricha: 30-40 ° C; Nguva Yakareba: 48-72 maawa; Cathode kuchena ≥99.99%.

IV. Vacuum Reduction Distillation

1. ,High-Temperature Kuderedza uye Kuparadzana,

• Isa macadmium ingots muchoto chevacuum (pressure ≤10⁻² Pa), pinza hydrogen sechinhu chinoderedza, uye kupisa kusvika 800-1000 ° C kuderedza cadmium oxides kune gaseous cadmium. Condenser tembiricha: 200-250 ° C; Kuchena kwekupedzisira ≥99.9995%

1. ,Kusachena Kubvisa Kubudirira,

• Residual lead, mhangura, uye kumwe kusvibiswa kwesimbi ≤0.1 ppm;
• Zvemukati zveokisijeni ≤5 ppm

V. Czochralski Single Crystal Kukura

1. ,Melt Control uye Mbeu Crystal Kugadzirira,

• Takura-yakakwirira-kuchena cadmium ingots mune yakakwirira-kuchena quartz crucibles, kunyunguduka pasi argon pa 340-360 ° C. Shandisa <100>-oriented single-crystal cadmium mbeu (diameter 5-8 mm), pre-annealed pa800°C kubvisa kushushikana kwemukati

1. ,Crystal Kudhonza Parameters,

• Kudhonza kukurumidza: 1.0-1.5 mm / min (danho rekutanga), 0.3-0.5 mm / min (yakasimba-mamiriro ekukura);
• Crucible rotation: 5-10 rpm (counter-rotation);
• Temperature gradient: 2-5 ° C / mm; Solid-liquid interface tembiricha kuchinja ≤±0.5°C

1. ,Defect Suppression Techniques,

• ,Magnetic Field Rubatsiro: Isa 0.2-0.5 T axial magineti kudzvanya kunyunguduka uye kuderedza kusachena;
• ,Controlled Cooling: Kutonhora kwepashure pekukura kwe10-20°C/h kunoderedza kukanganiswa kwekusagadzikana kunokonzerwa nekushushikana kwekushisa.

VI. Post-Processing uye Quality Control

1. ,Crystal Machining,

• ,Kucheka: Shandisa masaha ewaya yedhaimani kucheka kuita 0.5-1.0 mm mawafer ari 20-30 m/s waya yekumhanya;
• ,Kupukuta: Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) ine nitric acid-ethanol musanganiswa (1:5 vol. ratio), kuita kushata kwepamusoro Ra ≤0.5 nm.

1. ,Quality Standards,

• ,Kuchena: GDMS (Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry) inosimbisa Fe, Cu, Pb ≤0.1 ppm;
• ,Resistivity: ≤5×10⁻⁸ Ω·m (kuchena ≥99.9999%);
• ,Crystallographic Oriental: Kutsauka <0.5°; Dislocation density ≤10³/cm²

VII. Process Optimization Directions

1. ,Targeted Kusachena Kubviswa,

• Shandisa ion-exchange resins yekusarudza adsorption yeCu, Fe, nezvimwewo, yakasanganiswa ne-multi-stage zone kukwenenzvera kuwana 6N-giredhi kuchena (99.9999%)

1. ,Automation Upgrades,

• AI algorithms dynamically kugadzirisa kudhonza, tembiricha gradients, nezvimwewo, kuwedzera goho kubva 85% kusvika 93%;
• Wedzera saizi ye crucible kusvika 36 inches, zvichiita kuti single-batch feedstock ye2800 kg, kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba kusvika 80 kWh/kg.

1. ,Sustainability uye Resource Recovery,

• Regenerate acid wash tsvina kuburikidza neion exchange (Cd recovery ≥99.5%);
• Bata gasi rinopera neactivated carbon adsorption + alkaline scrubbing (Cd vapor recovery ≥98%)

Summary

Iyo cadmium crystal kukura uye yekuchenesa maitiro inobatanidza hydrometallurgy, yakakwirira-tembiricha yekuchenesa muviri, uye chaiyo crystal kukura matekinoroji. Kuburikidza neacid leaching, zone refining, electrolysis, vacuum distillation, uye Czochralski kukura-kwakabatana ne automation uye eco-hushamwari maitiro-inogonesa kugadzirwa kwakagadzikana kwe6N-giredhi yekupedzisira-yakakwirira-kuchena cadmium makristasi ega. Izvi zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zvenyukireya ma detectors, photovoltaic zvinhu, uye advanced semiconductor zvishandiso. Kufambira mberi kweramangwana kunotarisisa kukura kwekristaro yakakura, yakanangwa kupatsanurwa kwetsvina, uye yakaderera-kabhoni kugadzirwa.