7N Tellurium Crystal Kukura uye Kucheneswa

7N Tellurium Crystal Kukura uye Kucheneswa

I. Raw Material Pretreatment uye Preliminary Kucheneswa

1. .Raw Material Sarudzo uye Kupwanya.

• .Zvinhu Zvinodiwa: Shandisa tellurium ore kana anode slime (Te yemukati ≥5%), zviri nani mhangura inonyungudutsa anode slime (ine Cu₂Te, Cu₂Se) seyakabikwa.
• .Pretreatment Process:
• Kupwanya kwakashata kusvika kuhukuru ≤5mm, kuchiteverwa nebhora kugaya kusvika ≤200 mesh;
• Magnetic separation (magnetic field intensity ≥0.8T) kubvisa Fe, Ni, uye mamwe magineti tsvina;
• Froth flotation (pH = 8-9, xanthate vateresi) kuparadzanisa SiO₂, CuO, uye zvimwe zvisiri zvemagnetic tsvina.
• .Zvekungwaririra: Dzivisa kuunza mwando panguva yekunyorova (inoda kuomeswa usati wagocha); kudzora ambient humidity ≤30%.

1. .Pyrometallurgical Roasting uye Oxidation.

• .Process Parameters:
• Oxidation yekugocha tembiricha: 350-600 ° C (taged control: yakaderera tembiricha ye desulfurization, yakanyanya tembiricha yeoxidation);
• Nguva yekubika: 6-8 maawa, neO₂ kuyerera kwe5-10 L / min;
• Reagent: Yakaiswa sulfuric acid (98% H₂SO₄), chiyero chehuwandu Te₂SO₄ = 1: 1.5.
• .Chemical Reaction:
  Cu2Te+2O2+2H2SO4→2CuSO4+TeO2+2H2OCu2Te+2O2+2H2 SO4​→2CuSO4+TeO2+2H2O
• .Zvekungwaririra: Chengetedza tembiricha ≤600°C kudzivirira TeO₂ volatilization (boiling point 387°C); gadzirisa gasi rinopedza simba neNaOH scrubbers.

II. Electrorefining uye Vacuum Distillation

1. .Electrorefining.

• .Electrolyte System:
• Electrolyte kuumbwa: H₂SO₄ (80–120g/L), TeO₂ (40–60g/L), kuwedzera (gelatin 0.1–0.3g/L);
• Kudzora tembiricha: 30–40°C, kutenderera kuyerera 1.5–2 m³/h.
• .Process Parameters:
• Kuwanda kwezvino: 100–150 A/m², sero voltage 0.2–0.4V;
• Electrode spacing: 80–120mm, cathode deposition ukobvu 2–3mm/8h;
• Kusachena kubvisa kushanda zvakanaka: Cu ≤5ppm, Pb ≤1ppm.
• .Zvekungwaririra: Gara uchisefa electrolyte (kurongeka ≤1μm); mechanically polish anode nzvimbo kudzivirira passivation.

1. .Vacuum Distillation.

• .Process Parameters:
• Vacuum level: ≤1×10⁻²Pa, tembiricha yedistillation 600–650°C ;
• Condenser zone tembiricha: 200-250 ° C, Te vapor condensation kunyatsoshanda ≥95%;
• Distillation nguva: 8-12h, single-batch simba ≤50kg .
• .Kuparadzirwa Kwekusachena: Tsvina inofashaira yakaderera (Se, S) inoungana kumberi kwecondenser; tsvina inofashaira yakawanda (Pb, Ag) inoramba iri mumasara .
• .Zvekungwaririra: Pre-pombi vacuum system kusvika ≤5×10⁻³Pa isati yapisa kudzivirira Te oxidation.

III. Crystal Kukura (Directional Crystallization).

1. .Equipment Configuration.

• .Crystal Kukura Bira ModelsTDR-70A/B (30kg kugona) kana TRDL-800 (60kg kugona);
• Crucible zvinhu: High-purity graphite (ash content ≤5ppm), zviyero Φ300×400mm;
• Kupisa nzira: Graphite kuramba kupisa, tembiricha yepamusoro 1200 ° C.

1. .Process Parameters.

• .Melt Control:
• Kunyunguduka tembiricha: 500–520°C, kunyungudutsa dziva kudzika 80–120mm;
• Gasi rekudzivirira: Ar (kuchena ≥99.999%), kuyerera kwe10-15 L / min.
• .Crystallization Parameters:
• Kudhonza chiyero: 1-3mm / h, crystal rotation speed 8-12rpm;
• Temperature gradient: Axial 30-50 ° C / cm, radial ≤10 ° C / cm;
• Kutonhodza nzira: Mvura-yakatonhodzwa mhangura base (tembiricha yemvura 20–25°C), top radiative cooling .

1. .Kudzora Kusachena.

• .Segregation Effect: Kusachena kwakadai seFe, Ni (segregation coefficient <0.1) inoungana pamiganhu yezviyo;
• .Remelting Cycles: 3-5 kutenderera, yekupedzisira yakazara tsvina ≤0.1ppm.

1. .Zvekungwaririra:

• Ivhara nzvimbo yakanyunguduka nema graphite mahwendefa kudzvinyirira Te volatilization (kurasikirwa kwehuwandu ≤0.5%);
• Monitor crystal dhayamita munguva chaiyo uchishandisa laser geji (kurongeka ± 0.1mm);
• Dzivisa kushanduka kwetembiricha> ± 2 ° C kudzivirira dislocation density kuwedzera (chinangwa ≤10³/cm²) .

IV. Kuongorora Kwemhando uye Makiyi Metrics

V. Environmental and Safety Protocols

1. .Exhaust Gasi Kurapa:

• Kupisa kunopera: Neutralize SO₂ uye SeO₂ neNaOH scrubbers (pH≥10);
• Vacuum distillation exhaust: Condense uye dzorera Te vapor; yasara magasi adsorbed via activated kabhoni.

1. .Slag Recycling:

• Anode slime (ine Ag, Au): Dzorera kuburikidza nehydrometallurgy (H₂SO₄-HCl system);
• Electrolysis residues (ine Pb, Cu): Dzokera kune copper smelting systems.

1. .Matanho Okuchengetedza:

• Vashandi vanofanira kupfeka masiki egasi (Te vapor ine chepfu); chengetedza mhepo isina kunaka yemhepo (air exchange rate ≥10 cycles / h) .

Maitiro Ekugadzirisa Mazano

1. .Raw Material Adaptation: Gadzirisa tembiricha yekugocha uye acid reshiyo zvine simba zvichibva pane anode slime masosi (semuenzaniso, mhangura vs. lead smelting);
2. .Crystal Dhonza Rate Matching: Gadzirisa kumhanya kwekudhonza zvinoenderana nekunyunguduka kunyunguduka (nhamba yeReynolds Re≥2000) kudzvanyirira kutonhora kwebumbiro;
3. .Kushanda Kwesimba: Shandisa dual-temperature zone kudziyisa (main zone 500°C, sub-zone 400°C) kuderedza mashandisirwo emagetsi egraphite ne30%.